Indonesian Cinema
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Cinema of Indonesia is film that is produced domestically in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
. The Indonesian Film Agency or BPI defines Indonesian film as "movies that are made with Indonesian resources, and wholly or partly Intellectual Property is owned by Indonesian citizens or legal entities in Indonesia". It dates back to the early 1900s. Until the 1920s, most cinema in Indonesia was produced by foreign studios, mostly from
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
, and the
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, whose films would then be imported to the country. Most of these films were silent
documentaries A documentary film or documentary is a non-fictional motion-picture intended to "document reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education or maintaining a historical record". Bill Nichols has characterized the documentary in term ...
and
feature film A feature film or feature-length film is a narrative film (motion picture or "movie") with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole presentation in a commercial entertainment program. The term ''feature film'' originall ...
s from
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
and the United States. Many documentaries about the nature and life of Indonesia were sponsored by the
Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
government and were usually made by the Dutch or at least
Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...
an studios. The first domestically produced documentaries in Indonesia were produced in 1911. However, the first domestically produced film in the Dutch East Indies was in 1926: '' Loetoeng Kasaroeng'', a silent film, which was an adaptation of the Sundanese legend of the same name. During 1926, there were two movie theatres, the Oriental and the Elita, in
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
. The first movie theatre in
Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
was the Alhamra Theatre, which opened in 1931. Indonesian cinema reached its first big step to dominate majorities of movie theaters in big cities in the 1980s, and started to compete in international film festivals before its downfall in the 1990s with the
financial crisis A financial crisis is any of a broad variety of situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many financial crises were associated with banking panics, and man ...
and political movements. Around this era, young stars like Onky Alexander,
Meriam Bellina Ellisa Meriam Bellina Maria Bamboe (born 10 April 1964), or better known by her stage name as Meriam Bellina, is an Indonesian actress who has won three Citra Awards and acted in more than 50 films. Born and raised in Bandung, she dropped ...
,
Lydia Kandou Lydia Ruth Elizabeth Kandou or better known as Lydia Kandou (born in Jakarta, Indonesia on February 21, 1963) is an Indonesian actress and model of mixed Dutch, Filipino and Minahasan descent. Biography Kandou was born in Jakarta on 21 February ...
,
Nike Ardilla Raden Rara Nike Ratnadilla (27 December 1975 – 19 March 1995), better known as Nike Ardilla (), was an Indonesian singer, actress, model, and philanthropist of Sundanese descent. Usually referred to as the Lady Rocker and the Queen of ...
,
Paramitha Rusady Pradnya Paramitha Chandra Devy Rusady or better known as Paramitha Rusady (born in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia on August 11, 1966), is an Indonesian actress, singer and presenter of Sundanese descent. Career She was born in Makassar, A ...
and Desy Ratnasari dominated the silver screen with films like ''Catatan si Boy'' (Boy's Diary) and ''Blok M''. The industry was struggling to gain public interest to go watch films in the movie theaters, and most films stuck to teenage dramas, horror and
adult An adult is a human or other animal that has reached full growth. In human context, the term ''adult'' has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a " minor", a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of major ...
genres. Domination of
Hollywood Hollywood usually refers to: * Hollywood, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in California * Hollywood, a metonym for the cinema of the United States Hollywood may also refer to: Places United States * Hollywood District (disambiguation) * Hollywood, ...
and foreign films in movie theaters were other reasons for Indonesian film slowly losing its place and popularity. After the
Reform Reform ( lat, reformo) means the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. The use of the word in this way emerges in the late 18th century and is believed to originate from Christopher Wyvill#The Yorkshire Associati ...
in the beginning of 2000, the film industry started to gain its strength with a growing number of young filmmakers, and while the industry was still adjusting to the new constitutions, Indonesian cinema started to reconstruct its identity and retake its former position to be as popular as Hollywood and foreign films. The film industry is currently the fastest-growing sub-sector of Indonesia's creative economy. The number of moviegoers in the country were more than 52 million in 2019. The Indonesian film industry released 230 films in 2019. As of 2019, there are about 2,000 screens in Indonesia, which is expected to reach 3,000 by 2020.
21 Cineplex {{Infobox company , name = PT Nusantara Sejahtera Raya , trade_name = 21 Cineplex , former_name = PT Subentra Nusantara (1988–1998) , logo = Studio 21,JPG 2014-01-07 15-43.jpg , logo_caption = , logo_alt = , type = , industry = Movie ...
,
CGV Cinemas CJ CGV (Hangeul: CJ CGV (씨제이 씨지브이)㈜) is the largest multiplex (movie theater), multiplex cinema chain in South Korea and also has branches in China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Turkey, Vietnam, and the United States. The fifth largest mult ...
(previously
Blitzmegaplex CGV Cinemas Indonesia (formerly blitzmegaplex and CGV Blitz from 2015–2017) is a movie theater chain in Indonesia. Founded in December 2013, the chain consists of seven locations that each feature a minimum of eight screens. After controversy ...
) and
Cinépolis Cinépolis is a Mexican and international movie theater chain. Its name means ''City of Cinema'' and its slogan is ''La Capital del Cine'' ( en, the Capital of Cinema). Cinépolis was the biggest cineplex chain in Mexico, with 427 theaters in ...
(previously
Cinemaxx Vue International (, like "view"), is a multinational cinema holding company based in London, England. It operates in the United Kingdom and Ireland as Vue, with international operations in Denmark and Germany (as CinemaxX); Italy (as The Space ...
) currently dominate the movie theatre industry in Indonesia.


History


Colonial era

The first showing of films in the Dutch East Indies was in 1900, and over the next twenty years foreign productions, which were mostly from the United States, were imported and shown throughout the country. Domestic production of documentaries had begun in 1911 but were unable to compete with imported works. By 1923, a local feature film production spearheaded by the Middle East Film Co. was announced, but the work was not completed. The first domestically produced film in the Indies was in 1926: '' Loetoeng Kasaroeng'', a silent film by
Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...
director L. Heuveldorp. This adaptation of the Sundanese legend was made with local actors by the NV Java Film Company in
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
and premiered on 31 December 1926 at the Elite and Majestic Theatres in Bandung. The following year, G. Krugers – who had served as a technician and cinematographer for ''Loetoeng Kasaroeng'' – released his directorial debut (the second film in the Indies), ''
Eulis Atjih ''Eulis Atjih'' is a 1927 film from the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia); it was the second feature film produced in the country, after ''Loetoeng Kasaroeng'' in 1926. The silent film follows the lives of a native Indonesian family sent i ...
''. Owing to ''Loetoeng Kasaroeng'' limited release, Kruger was able to advertise his film as the colony's first. A year later, the second novel to be adapted to film in Indonesia, ''
Setangan Berloemoer Darah ''Setangan Berloemoer Darah'' (EYD, Perfected Spelling: ''Setangan Berlumur Darah''; Indonesian for ''A Handkerchief Covered in Blood'') is a 1927 Chinese Malay novel by Tjoe Hong Bok published in Semarang, Dutch East Indies. It tells of a young ma ...
'', was produced by
Tan Boen Soan Tan Boen Soan (; 25June190512August1952) was an ethnic Chinese Malay-language writer and journalist from Sukabumi, Java. He was the author of works such as ''Koetoekannja Boenga Srigading'' (1933), ''Bergerak'' (1935), ''Digdaja'' (1935) and ' ...
.
Ethnic Chinese The Chinese people or simply Chinese, are people or ethnic groups identified with China, usually through ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, or other affiliation. Chinese people are known as Zhongguoren () or as Huaren () by speakers of s ...
directors and producers, capitalising on the success of films produced in
Shanghai Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flow ...
, China, became involved in the colony's cinema beginning in 1928, when Nelson Wong completed ''
Lily van Java ''Lilly van Java'' (''Lily of Java''), also known as ''Melatie van Java'' (''Jasmine of Java''), is a 1928 film from the Dutch East Indies directed by Nelson Wong. Initially meant to be produced by South Sea Film and shot by an American direct ...
''. Although the Wongs went on hiatus, other ethnic Chinese became involved in film. Several Chinese owned start-ups are recorded from 1929 on, including Nancing Film with ''
Resia Boroboedoer ''Resia Boroboedoer'' (''Secret of Borobudur'') is a 1929 adventure film produced by Nancing Film Corp. Starring Chinese actress Olive Young, it followed a young woman on her quest to find Gautama Buddha's ashes in the temple of Borobudur. The pr ...
'' (1928) and
Tan's Film Tan's Film was a film production house in the Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia). Established by the brothers Tan Khoen Yauw and Tan Khoen Hian on September 1, 1929, its films were mostly targeted at native ethnic groups. Starting with '' Njai ...
with '' Njai Dasima'' (1929). By the early 1930s Chinese-owned businesses were the dominating force in the country's film industry. After the
Great Depression The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...
reached the Indies, production slowed tremendously. The Dutch East Indies government collected higher taxes and cinemas sold tickets at lower prices, ensuring that there was a meagre
profit margin Profit margin is a measure of profitability. It is calculated by finding the profit as a percentage of the revenue. \text = = There are 3 types of profit margins: gross profit margin, operating profit margin and net profit margin. * Gross Prof ...
for local films. As a result, cinemas in the colony mainly showed
Hollywood Hollywood usually refers to: * Hollywood, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in California * Hollywood, a metonym for the cinema of the United States Hollywood may also refer to: Places United States * Hollywood District (disambiguation) * Hollywood, ...
productions, while the domestic industry decayed.
The Teng Chun The Teng Chun (; 18 June 1902 – 25 February 1977), also known by his Indonesian name Tahjar Ederis, was a Chinese Indonesian film producer. Born to a rich businessman, The became interested in film while still a youth. After a period as a ...
, who had made his debut in 1931 with '' Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang'', was the only producer able to release films during 1934 and early 1935; his low budget but popular films were mainly inspired by
Chinese mythology Chinese mythology () is mythology that has been passed down in oral form or recorded in literature in the geographic area now known as Greater China. Chinese mythology includes many varied myths from regional and cultural traditions. Much of t ...
or
martial arts Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defense; military and law enforcement applications; combat sport, competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; a ...
, and although aimed at ethnic Chinese proved popular among native audiences because of their action sequences. In an attempt to show that locally produced, well-made films could be profitable, the Dutch journalist
Albert Balink Albert Balink (3 August 1906 – 8 February 1976) was a Dutch journalist and filmmaker who contributed to early Indonesian cinema. Born in the Netherlands, he began a career in film journalism in the Dutch East Indies. A self-taught filmmaker ...
, who had no formal film experience, produced ''
Pareh ''Pareh'' ( Sundanese for "rice"), released internationally as ''Pareh, Song of the Rice'', is a 1936 film from the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia). Directed by the Dutchmen Albert Balink and Mannus Franken, it featured an amateur na ...
'' in 1935 in collaboration with Nelson Wong and his brothers. Though the film, costing 20 times as much as most contemporary productions, was an ultimate failure, it affected The Teng Chun's directorial style; the latter took less traditional stories. Balink's next attempt, ''
Terang Boelan ''Terang Boelan'' (; Indonesian for "Full Moon", ''Terang Bulan'' in the Perfected Spelling System) is a 1937 film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Written by Saeroen, directed by Albert Balink, and starring Rd Mochtar, Roekiah and E ...
'', was released two years later. Unlike ''Pareh'', ''Terang Boelan'' was a marked commercial success, earning 200,000
Straits dollar The Straits dollar was the currency of the Straits Settlements from 1898 until 1939. At the same time, it was also used in the Federated Malay States, the Unfederated Malay States, Kingdom of Sarawak, Brunei, and British North Borneo. Histor ...
s (then equivalent to
US$ The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official ...
114,470) in two months. These two films are, according to American visual anthropologist
Karl G. Heider Karl Heider (born January 21, 1935) is an American visual anthropologist. Life and education Heider was born in Northampton, Massachusetts. Heider is the son of psychologists Fritz and Grace (née Moore) Heider. He had two brothers; John and ...
, Indonesia's most important films of the 1930s. The triple successes of ''Terang Boelan'', ''
Fatima Fāṭima bint Muḥammad ( ar, فَاطِمَة ٱبْنَت مُحَمَّد}, 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ (), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija. Fatima's husband was Ali, th ...
'' (1938), and '' Alang-Alang'' (1939) revived the domestic film industry. Four new
production house A producing house is a theatre which ‘manufactures' its own shows in-house (such as plays, musicals, opera, or dance) and perhaps does everything from honing the script, building the set, casting the actors and designing and making the costum ...
s were established in 1940, and actors and actresses previously attached to theatrical troupes entered the film industry, which was reaching new audiences. The new works, fourteen in 1940 and thirty in 1941, generally followed the formula established by ''Terang Boelan'': songs, beautiful scenery and romance. Others, such as '' Asmara Moerni'', attempted to reach the growing
native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...
intelligentsia by drawing journalists or figures from the growing nationalist movement into cinema.


Japanese occupation

After its genesis during the Dutch colonial era, the Indonesian film industry was co-opted by Japanese occupiers during the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
as a
propaganda Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded ...
tool. The Japanese government immediately halted all production of film. Then, the Office of Cultural Enlightenment (), which was headed by Ishimoto Tokichi, appropriated facilities from all filmmaking organisations, consolidating them into a single studio which became the Jakarta branch of The Japan Film Corporation () or Nichi'ei. The majority of films made in Indonesia under the Japanese were educational films and newsreels produced for audiences in Japan. The Jakarta branch was strategically placed at the extreme southern end of Japan's empire and soon became a centre of newsreel production. Popular news serials such as ''News from the South'' and ''Berita Film di Djawa'' were produced. Japanese newsreels promoted such topics as conscripted " romusha" labourers (, 1944), voluntary enlistment into the
Imperial Japanese Army The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor o ...
(, 1944), and Japanese language acquisition by Indonesian children (, 1944).Baskett, ''The Attractive Empire''. Local Japanese-sponsored film production (other than newsreels) remained essentially negligible, and the domestic exhibition market was too underdeveloped to be financially viable. However, Nichi'ei occupation of the Indonesian film industry was a strategic victory over the West, demonstrating that a non-Western Asian nation could displace Hollywood and the Dutch. Indonesia was one of the last areas in the empire to surrender, and many who worked at Nichi'ei stayed on after defeat to work for Indonesian independence from the Dutch. Korean director Hae Yeong (or Hinatsu Eitaro) migrated to Java from Korea in 1945, where he made the controversial documentary '' Calling Australia'' (, 1944). ''Calling Australia'' was commissioned by the Imperial Japanese Army and depicted Japanese prisoner of war camps in a positive light, showing prisoners feasting on steak and beer, swimming, and playing sports. After the war, the film caused such a stir that The Netherlands Indies Film Unit rushed into production of ''Nippon Presents'' which used some of the P.O.W.s from ''Calling Australia'' to reject the viewpoint of the film. In 1987, Australian filmmaker
Graham Shirley Graham Shirley is an Australian author, researcher, curator and filmmaker best known for his work in the area of Australian film history. He was one of the original class of the Australian Film Television and Radio School and is the co-author ...
assembled the remaining survivors to make yet another documentary about how, in his view, both regimes had conspired to exploit the prisoners each for their own purposes. After the war, Hae changed his name to Dr. Huyung, married an Indonesian woman with whom he had two sons, and directed three films before his death in 1952: ''Between Sky and Earth'' (1951), ''Gladis Olah Raga'' (1951), and ''Bunga Rumar Makan'' (1952).


After independence

After independence, the
Sukarno Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of ...
government used the film industry for
nationalistic Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: The ...
,
anti-imperialist Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is a term used in a variety of contexts, usually by nationalist movements who want to secede from a larger polity (usually in the form of an empire, but also in a multi-ethnic so ...
purposes and foreign film imports were banned. After the overthrow of Sukarno by
Suharto Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto ...
's New Order regime, films were regulated through a
censorship Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments ...
code that aimed to maintain the social order and Suharto's grip on society. Through his company
Perfini Perfini (''Perusahaan Film Nasional Indonesia'', ''Indonesia National Film Company'') was an Indonesian film production company, based in Jakarta. It was most productive in Indonesian cinema in the 1950s. Its most notable directors were Usmar Is ...
,
Usmar Ismail Usmar Ismail (20 March 1921 – 2 January 1971) was an Indonesian film director, author, journalist and revolutionary of Minangkabau descent. He was widely regarded as the native Indonesian pioneer of the cinema of Indonesia. Biography ...
, a director from
West Sumatra West Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Barat) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. The province has an area of , with a population of 5, ...
, made a major impact in Indonesian film in the 1950s and 1960s.
Djamaluddin Malik Djamaluddin Malik (13 February, 1917 – 8 June, 1970) was a prominent Indonesian film producer, politician, entrepreneur. He founded the Jakarta Indonesian company Persari Film. Personal life Malik was born in Padang, Indonesia, Padang, West S ...
's Persari Film often emulated American genre films and the working practices of the Hollywood studio system, as well as remaking popular
Indian films The Cinema of India consists of motion pictures produced in India, which had a large effect on world cinema since the late 20th century. Major centers of film production across the country include Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Ko ...
. In the late 1950s, a number of political aspects impacted the film industry, not only in production but also in distribution. Threats of burning the movie theaters and film boycotts by anti-imperialist movements meant that the profit for movie theaters dropped drastically. Around 1964 there were 700 movie theaters in Indonesia, which fell to 350 in 1965. The post-independence era was greatly influenced by the
30 September Movement The Thirtieth of September Movement ( id, Gerakan 30 September, abbreviated as G30S, also known by the acronym Gestapu for ''Gerakan September Tiga Puluh'', Thirtieth of September Movement) was a self-proclaimed organization of Indonesian Na ...
which led to a dilemma for local movie theater owners when the local films produced weren't enough to fill the program slot. The economic crash had put the growing industry on hold and paralyzed people's purchasing power, however at the end of this decade the film industry mostly survived because of popular foreign imports.


1980s

The industry reached its peak in the 1980s, with successful films such as ''
Nagabonar ''Nagabonar'' is a 1987 Indonesian epic war comedy film directed by M.T. Risyaf. It was Indonesia's submission to the 60th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee. In 2007, the seque ...
'' (1987) and ''
Catatan si Boy ''Catatan Si Boy'' is a 1987 Indonesian action film drama directed by Nasri Cheppy and starring Didi Petet. The film, a success, spawned five sequels, as well as remake in 2016. The film was inspired by a popular radio drama show of the same nam ...
'' (1989). Warkop's comedy films, directed by Arizal, also proved to be successful. The industry also found appeal among teens with such fare as ''Pintar-pintar Bodoh'' (1982), and ''Maju Kena Mundur Kena'' (1984). Actors during this era included
Deddy Mizwar Deddy Mizwar (born 5 March 1955) is an Indonesian actor, film director and politician, born of an Indo (Dutch- Betawi) father and Betawi- Bugis mother. He is the Chairman of Indonesia's National Film Advisory Board (''Badan Pertimbangan Perfilman N ...
,
Eva Arnaz Siti Syarifah (born Eva Yanthi Arnaz; 14 July 1958), better known as Eva Arnaz, is an Indonesian actress who was prominent in Indonesian film in the 1980s. She was best known for her work in action films. Filmography *Primitif (1978) *Musim b ...
, Lidya Kandou, Onky Alexander,
Meriam Bellina Ellisa Meriam Bellina Maria Bamboe (born 10 April 1964), or better known by her stage name as Meriam Bellina, is an Indonesian actress who has won three Citra Awards and acted in more than 50 films. Born and raised in Bandung, she dropped ...
,
Rano Karno Rano Karno (born 8 October 1960) is an Indonesian actor and politician. From his acting career he is known for starring in the 1979 film '' Gita Cinta dari SMA''. On 30 October 2011 he was elected Deputy Governor of Banten. He has served as acti ...
, and
Paramitha Rusady Pradnya Paramitha Chandra Devy Rusady or better known as Paramitha Rusady (born in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia on August 11, 1966), is an Indonesian actress, singer and presenter of Sundanese descent. Career She was born in Makassar, A ...
. The film
Tjoet Nja' Dhien ''Tjoet Nja' Dhien'' (pronounced ) is a 1988 Indonesian film directed by Eros Djarot and starring Piet Burnama, Christine Hakim, Rudy Wowor, and Slamet Rahardjo. Based on the life's story of female Acehnese guerrilla leader Cut Nyak Dhien, it f ...
(1988) winning 9
Citra Award The Indonesian Film Festival (Indonesian: Festival Film Indonesia, 'FFI') is an annual awards ceremony organised by the Indonesian Film Board and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology to celebrate cinematic achievements in ...
s at the 1988
Indonesian Film Festival The Indonesian Film Festival (Indonesian: Festival Film Indonesia, 'FFI') is an annual awards ceremony organised by the Indonesian Film Board and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology to celebrate cinematic achievements in ...
. It was also the first Indonesian movie chosen for screening at the
Cannes Film Festival The Cannes Festival (; french: link=no, Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films o ...
.


1990s

By the 1990s, imports of foreign films resumed, and the quantity of Indonesian films was reduced due to competition, especially from the US and
Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delt ...
. The number of movies produced decreased significantly, from 115 in 1990 to 37 in 1993. A new law No. 8 created in 1992 about Films put a production as a non obligatory activity, and there's no longer a production permit which builds communication between filmmakers and the house productions with the government. This new constitution later resulted in the decreasing figures of film produced whether it's a commercial film or independent ones throughout the decade because there's no accurate number as the Ministry of Communication in the department of multimedia technology is no longer active and there are no authorities who will replace the role to be in charge during the productions. Rampant
counterfeit To counterfeit means to imitate something authentic, with the intent to steal, destroy, or replace the original, for use in illegal transactions, or otherwise to deceive individuals into believing that the fake is of equal or greater value tha ...
ing and the increasing popularity of
television Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertisin ...
also contributed to the decline of Indonesian cinema. Multivision Plus unde r Raam Punjabi controlled one of many cinema companies who produced ''
sinetron A soap opera, or ''soap'' for short, is a typically long-running radio or television serial, frequently characterized by melodrama, ensemble casts, and sentimentality. The term "soap opera" originated from radio dramas originally being sponsored b ...
,'' or soap operas. The majority of films produced were exploitaive, adult-themed
B-movie A B movie or B film is a low-budget commercial motion picture. In its original usage, during the Golden Age of Hollywood, the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double featur ...
s shown in budget cinemas, outdoor screenings,
direct-to-video Direct-to-video or straight-to-video refers to the release of a film, TV series, short or special to the public immediately on home video formats rather than an initial theatrical release or television premiere. This distribution strategy was p ...
or on television. In 1996, 33 films were made in Indonesia, with the majority of the films produced were filled with adult-themed content, and later on, decreased significantly. Only seven domestic films were made in 1999.


2000s

Under the '' Reformasi'' movement of the post-Suharto era,
independent film An independent film, independent movie, indie film, or indie movie is a feature film or short film that is produced outside the major film studio system, in addition to being produced and distributed by independent entertainment companies (or, i ...
making lead to a rebirth of the film industry in Indonesia, where films started addressing topics which were previously banned such as religion, race, love and other topics. In 2002, the number of domestic films made increased from six in 2001 to ten. It continued to increase significantly as the years passed on. Recent notable films include ''
Ada Apa dengan Cinta? ''Ada Apa Dengan Cinta?'' ( en, What's Up with Love? or What's Up with Cinta?) is a 2002 Indonesian romantic drama film directed by Rudy Soedjarwo. The Indonesian title is a play on words, as ''Cinta'' (Indonesian for "love") is also the name o ...
'' directed by
Rudi Soedjarwo Rudianto Soedjarwo (born 9 November 1971) is an Indonesian film director. He became popular after he directed a teens movie ''What's Up with Love?'' (2002). Filmography * ''Falling Star'' (''Bintang Jatuh'') * ''Tragedy'' (''Tragedi'') * ''What ...
in 2002, ''Eliana Eliana,'' directed by
Riri Riza Riri may refer to: People *Riri Fitri Sari (born 1970) computer engineering professor * Riri Riza (born 1970) Indonesian filmmaker *Rihanna (born 1988; as ''Robyn Rihanna Fenty'') Barbadian singer; nicknamed "RiRi" *Riri (Japanese singer) (born 19 ...
, and ''
Arisan! ''Arisan!'' (English: ''The Gathering'') is a 2003 Indonesian comedy-drama film directed by Nia Dinata, who also co-wrote the screenplay with then-unknown Joko Anwar. At the 2004 Indonesian Film Festival, it won the Citra Awards in five major cat ...
'' starring
Tora Sudiro Taura Danang Sudiro or better known as Tora Sudiro (born in Jakarta, Indonesia on 10 May 1973) is an Indonesian actor and comedian A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience by making them laugh. This might be thro ...
. In 2005, ''Beauty and Warrior'', Indonesia's first
animated Animation is a method by which still figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most anim ...
feature film A feature film or feature-length film is a narrative film (motion picture or "movie") with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole presentation in a commercial entertainment program. The term ''feature film'' originall ...
, was released. That same year ''
Gie ''Gie'' is a 2005 Indonesian biopic film directed by Riri Riza. The film tells the story of Soe Hok Gie, a graduate from University of Indonesia who is known as an activist and nature lover. The film is based on a diary ''Catatan Seorang Demonstr ...
'' was released, also dircted
Riri Riza Riri may refer to: People *Riri Fitri Sari (born 1970) computer engineering professor * Riri Riza (born 1970) Indonesian filmmaker *Rihanna (born 1988; as ''Robyn Rihanna Fenty'') Barbadian singer; nicknamed "RiRi" *Riri (Japanese singer) (born 19 ...
and based on the life of Indonesian activist
Soe Hok Gie Soe Hok Gie (17 December 1942 – 16 December 1969) was a Chinese Indonesian activist who opposed the successive dictatorships of Presidents Sukarno and Suharto. Overview Soe was an ethnic Chinese Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most ofte ...
. The release of ''
Ayat-Ayat Cinta ''Verses of Love'' ( id, Ayat-Ayat Cinta) is an Indonesian drama film from MD Pictures, Producer Manoj Punjabi and Dhamoo Punjabi. Starring as main casts are , Rianti Cartwright, Carissa Putri, Melanie Putria, and Zaskia Adya Mecca. It is a roman ...
'', directed by
Hanung Bramantyo Setiawan Hanung Bramantyo (born 1 October 1975) is an Indonesian director known for his films ranging from teen romances to religious dramas. After becoming interested in theatre as a child, Bramantyo made his directorial debut with the 1998 shor ...
, attracted one segment of audience like never before in the Indonesian film history. The melodramatic story did not give new approaches to cinematic storytelling, but the crossover between
Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
and modern romance succeeded in getting Muslim audiences. In 2009, Infinite Frameworks released their first full-length animation movie, ''
Sing to the Dawn ''Sing to the Dawn'' is a story by Chinese-American author Minfong Ho, which was originally published as a short story and was awarded first prize by the Council of Interracial Books for Children in New York City in 1975. It was later extended to ...
'' (''Meraih Mimpi)''. The movie itself features some foreigners, but all artists and dubbers were Indonesian, most of the dubbers being celebrities such as
Gita Gutawa Aluna Sagita Gutawa (born 11 August 1993), better known as Gita Gutawa, is an Indonesian soprano, actress, and lyricist songwriter. She is also the daughter of composer Erwin Gutawa. Although she originally studied piano, Gutawa later switche ...
,
Surya Saputra Surya Saputra (born in Jakarta, Indonesia on July 5, 1975) is an Indonesian actor, singer, and model. He is the husband of Indonesian actress and singer, Cynthia Lamusu. He is also a former member of the Indonesian pop group Cool Colors. Care ...
, and
Jajang C. Noer Lidia Djunita Pamontjak or better known as Jajang C. Noer (born June 28, 1952 in Paris, France) is a France-born Indonesian actress and film producer of Minangkabau people, Minangkabau descent. She is also the only daughter of Indonesian national ...
.


2010s

Between 2010 until 2011, due to the substantial increase in
value-added tax A value-added tax (VAT), known in some countries as a goods and services tax (GST), is a type of tax that is assessed incrementally. It is levied on the price of a product or service at each stage of production, distribution, or sale to the end ...
applied to foreign films, cinemas no longer had access to many foreign films. This has caused a massive ripple effect on the country's economy. It is assumed that this increases the purchase of unlicensed DVDs. However, even copyright violating DVDs now take longer to obtain. The minimum cost to view a foreign film not screened locally is IDR one million, equivalent to US$100, as it includes a plane ticket to Singapore. The Indonesian film market is in the C, D, E classes, and due to this, foreign porn stars such as
Sasha Grey Marina Ann Hantzis (born March 14, 1988), known professionally as Sasha Grey, is an American actress, model, writer, musician, and former pornographic actress. Grey began her acting career in the pornographic film industry, winning 15 awards for ...
,
Vicky Vette Vicky Vette (born 12 June 1965) is a Norwegian-Canadian pornographic actress, webcam model and webmaster. She has been named the most-followed Norwegian on Twitter by the newspaper ''Verdens Gang''. She also shot a mainstream movie in Indonesia c ...
,
Maria Ozawa is a Japanese model and a former pornographic film actress of Canadian and Japanese ancestry. Early in her career as a model, she also used the name . Biography 1986–2002: Early life Ozawa was born in Hokkaido, Japan. Her mother is Japanese a ...
,
Sora Aoi is a Japanese former AV idol, nude model, and film and television actress. Starring in more than 600 adult films between 2002 and 2011, Aoi is widely considered one of the most famous AV idols of the 2000s, with her popularity as an adult video a ...
, and Rin Sakuragi have been invited to play a part in movies. Most locally made movies are low-budget horror films. Locally made film have been increasingly critically acclaimed since 2011. This was attested by the international release of films such as '' The Raid'' (2011) and its 2014 sequel, '' Modus Anomali'' (2012), '' Dilema'' (2012), ''
Lovely Man ''Lovely Man'' is a 2011 Indonesian film written and directed by Teddy Soeriaatmadja. The film had its world premiere at the 2011 Busan International Film Festival to positive reviews on the segment "A Window on Asian Cinema". Donny Damara pla ...
'' (2012), ''
Java Heat Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's most ...
'' (2013) and ''
Pengabdi Setan ''Satan's Slave'' ( id, Pengabdi Setan) is a 1980 Indonesian horror film directed by Sisworo Gautama Putra. The plot follows a wealthy family who have stopped practicing their Muslim faith and are tormented by the undead after their mother dies ...
'' (2017).
Indonesian horror films Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to: * Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia ** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago ** Indonesia ...
, particularly the work of director
Joko Anwar Joko Anwar (born 3 January 1976) is an Indonesian film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. Prior to becoming a filmmaker, he worked as a journalist and film critic. Anwar first rose to prominence for co-writing Nia Dinata's 2003 hit ' ...
, attracted international attention in the 2010s, aided by
streaming services An over-the-top media service is a streaming media service offered directly to viewers via the Internet. OTT bypasses cable, broadcast, and satellite television platforms, the companies that traditionally act as a controller or distributors of s ...
. ''
The Queen of Black Magic ''The Queen of Black Magic'' ( id, Ratu Ilmu Hitam) is a 2019 supernatural horror film directed by Kimo Stamboel and written by Joko Anwar. The film is a loose remake of the 1981 Indonesian horror film of the same name also produced by Rapi Film ...
'', ''
Satan's Slaves ''Satan's Slaves'' ( id, Pengabdi Setan) is a 2017 Indonesian gothic horror film written and directed by Joko Anwar. It is a loose remake- prequel to the 1980 film of the same name directed by Sisworo Gautama Putra based on a story by Subagio ...
'' and ''
Impetigore ''Impetigore'' ( id, Perempuan Tanah Jahanam, lit=Woman of the damned land) is a 2019 Indonesian horror film written and directed by Joko Anwar. The film stars Tara Basro, Marissa Anita, Christine Hakim, Asmara Abigail, and Ario Bayu. The fil ...
'' have been perceived as part of a new wave of
folk horror Folk horror is a subgenre of horror film that uses elements of folklore to invoke fear and foreboding. Typical elements include a rural setting, isolation, and themes of superstition, folk religion, paganism, sacrifice and the dark aspects of natu ...
films from
Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...
. In the last decade, Indonesian cinema has experienced significant improvements compared to previous decades, not only with the construction of new movie theaters in areas outside the island of
Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
, but also behind the scenes in the industry. The presence of various associations that support production is an important factor. Domestically, the government's efforts to promote local films with the regulation of Law Number 33 of Film in 2009 had a positive impact on the development of the industry. In Article 10 it is explained that film activities and show business actors must prioritize Indonesian films, and prioritize the use of domestic power sources. Additionally, it is clarified in Article 12 that actors are prohibited from showing films from only one production house and in their circulation it is prohibited to import films exceeding 50% (fifty percent) of the showing hours for six consecutive months in order to avoid monopolistic practices and/or competition. Indonesian films are also increasingly appearing at international festivals and are starting to collaborate with other countries in distributions and productions.


2020s - Present

The
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identif ...
in early 2020 paralyzed the domestic and foreign film industry. Indonesia, which did not escape the pandemic, had become one of the countries with the highest infection rate in the world in July 2021 with around 44,721 active cases. This also forced the government to make an emergency decision to enforce restrictions on community activities (PPKM), namely the restriction of various group activities. As a result, film-making activities were ordered to be closed or temporarily suspended nationally from mid-March 2020. The closing of cinemas nationwide touched around 68 cinemas, 387 screens spread across 33 cities and 15 provinces in Indonesia in the early period of the pandemic. Although limited by the obligation to keep distance and work online, the pandemic has not stopped the ability of Indonesian filmmakers to write and make their films, and production house entrepreneurs continue their professional activities through online platforms. This also adapts to the growing trend of online viewers from the Netflix platform and encourages local industries to improve the quality of their platforms, and/or cooperate with national television channels to avoid the economic crisis caused by the pandemic. Various independent production houses have started to produce their films with independent platforms that can also be accessed legally and online such as
Vidio Vidio is an Indonesia-based over-the-top video streaming service established on 15 October 2014. Originally owned by Kreatif Media Karya, it is now owned by Surya Citra Media, both of which is a subsidiary of Elang Mahkota Teknologi (Emtek). The ...
and
Viddsee Viddsee is a storyteller platform for short premium content, with over 2 billion views and more than 3,000 strong storytelling community. It has a mission to empower storytellers through its system by providing content to audiences with its studio ...
, a paid film and series online platform that shows not only Indonesian films but also foreign films.


Film festivals

The major
film festival A film festival is an organized, extended presentation of films in one or more cinemas or screening venues, usually in a single city or region. Increasingly, film festivals show some films outdoors. Films may be of recent date and, depending upon ...
of Indonesia is the
Jakarta International Film Festival Jakarta International Film Festival (Indonesian: ''Festival Film Internasional Jakarta'') or JiFFest is the major film festival of Indonesia held every December in the capital, Jakarta, since 1999. The festival is on a shaky financial footing and ...
(JiFFest), held every year in December since 1999. The eighth festival began on 8 December 2006, with ''
Babel Babel is a name used in the Hebrew Bible for the city of Babylon and may refer to: Arts and media Written works Books *Babel (book), ''Babel'' (book), by Patti Smith * Babel (2012 manga), ''Babel'' (2012 manga), by Narumi Shigematsu * Babel (20 ...
'', a film starring
Brad Pitt William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. He is the recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards, a British Academy Film Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award. ...
and
Cate Blanchett Catherine Elise Blanchett (; born 14 May 1969) is an Australian actor. Regarded as one of the finest performers of her generation, she is known for her versatile work across independent films, blockbusters, and the stage. She has received nu ...
. The festival experienced a two-year hiatus in 2011 and 2012, but resumed in 2013. Jakarta also hosted film festivals such as the 52nd
Asia-Pacific Film Festival The Asia-Pacific Film Festival (abbreviated APFF) is an annual film festival hosted by the Federation of Motion Picture Producers in Asia-Pacific. The festival was first held in Tokyo, Japan, in 1954. History The festival was first held in Toky ...
(APFF) on 18–22 November 2008. Another event is the
Indonesian Film Festival The Indonesian Film Festival (Indonesian: Festival Film Indonesia, 'FFI') is an annual awards ceremony organised by the Indonesian Film Board and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology to celebrate cinematic achievements in ...
(Festival Film Indonesia/FFI), which has been held intermittently since 1955. From 1973 to 1992, the festival was held annually and then discontinued until it was later revived in 2004. It hosts a competition, which hands out the
Citra Award The Indonesian Film Festival (Indonesian: Festival Film Indonesia, 'FFI') is an annual awards ceremony organised by the Indonesian Film Board and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology to celebrate cinematic achievements in ...
.


National film market


Movie theaters

Records show that there were movie theatres named as Oriental and Elita during 1926 in
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
. The earliest cinema hall in Jakarta was Alhamra at
Sawah Besar Sawah Besar is a district (''kecamatan'') of Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Its neighborhoods are among the most historic, containing the 1820-established Pasar Baru ("New Market"), the new colonial city – Weltevreden – and the old course ...
, which was established in 1931. Other old cinema halls in Jakarta were Astoria, Grand,
Metropole A metropole (from the Greek ''metropolis'' for "mother city") is the homeland, central territory or the state exercising power over a colonial empire. From the 19th century, the English term ''metropole'' was mainly used in the scope of ...
, Rex, Capitol, Rivoli, Central, and Orion. As of 2019, there are about 2000 screens in Indonesia, which is expected to reach 3000 by 2020. , Cineplex 21,
CGV Cinemas CJ CGV (Hangeul: CJ CGV (씨제이 씨지브이)㈜) is the largest multiplex (movie theater), multiplex cinema chain in South Korea and also has branches in China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Turkey, Vietnam, and the United States. The fifth largest mult ...
and
Cinemaxx Vue International (, like "view"), is a multinational cinema holding company based in London, England. It operates in the United Kingdom and Ireland as Vue, with international operations in Denmark and Germany (as CinemaxX); Italy (as The Space ...
(now
Cinépolis Cinépolis is a Mexican and international movie theater chain. Its name means ''City of Cinema'' and its slogan is ''La Capital del Cine'' ( en, the Capital of Cinema). Cinépolis was the biggest cineplex chain in Mexico, with 427 theaters in ...
) currently dominate the movie theatre industry in Indonesia with 1,003, 275 and 203 screens, respectively. The largest cinema chain in Indonesia is
21 Cineplex {{Infobox company , name = PT Nusantara Sejahtera Raya , trade_name = 21 Cineplex , former_name = PT Subentra Nusantara (1988–1998) , logo = Studio 21,JPG 2014-01-07 15-43.jpg , logo_caption = , logo_alt = , type = , industry = Movie ...
, which has cinemas spread throughout thirty cities on the islands of
Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
,
Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
,
Kalimantan Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo. In 2019, ...
,
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...
,
Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Ar ...
,
Moluccas The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located eas ...
, and Papua. It has three separate brands to target different markets, namely Cinema 21, Cinema XXI, and The Premiere. Since 2012, Cinema 21 outlets are gradually being renovated to become Cinema XXI. Another cinema chain is
Blitzmegaplex CGV Cinemas Indonesia (formerly blitzmegaplex and CGV Blitz from 2015–2017) is a movie theater chain in Indonesia. Founded in December 2013, the chain consists of seven locations that each feature a minimum of eight screens. After controversy ...
, which opened its first location in 2006 and it became the second biggest movie theater in the country. In 2017, the brand name was changed to CGV. As of January 2019 it has already opened 57 theaters with 249 screens in 21 cities across Indonesia. Its Megaplex at
Grand Indonesia Grand Indonesia (previously called Grand Indonesia Shopping Town until 2016) is an integrated multipurpose complex at Thamrin Road in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The complex consists of a huge Shopping Mall, office tower Menara BCA (BCA Tower) ...
in Jakarta is dubbed Indonesia's largest cineplex by the MURI (Indonesian Record Museum). Cinemaxx, launched by
Lippo Group Lippo Group is an Indonesian multinational conglomerate company. The company operates internationally providing property development and management services. It was founded by Mochtar Riady. Lippo has a collective presence across Asia and Nor ...
, opened its first cinema at
The Plaza Semanggi The Plaza Semanggi is a commercial complex at Semanggi Interchange in South Jakarta, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists ...
on 17 August 2014. In 2018 Cinemaxx (now
Cinépolis Cinépolis is a Mexican and international movie theater chain. Its name means ''City of Cinema'' and its slogan is ''La Capital del Cine'' ( en, the Capital of Cinema). Cinépolis was the biggest cineplex chain in Mexico, with 427 theaters in ...
) operated 45 cinemas with more than 200 screens in Indonesia. It expected to open 300 cinemas with 2,000 screens spread across 85 cities in the following ten years. In May 2017, Agung Sedayu Group opened FLIX Cinema, with its first outlet at PIK Avenue,
North Jakarta North Jakarta ( id, Jakarta Utara; bew, Jakarte Belilir) is one of the five administrative cities (''kota administrasi'') which form Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia. North Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city counci ...
. Three months later, it opened its second outlet at Grand Galaxy Park,
Bekasi Bekasi (, su, ) is a city in West Java, Indonesia, located on the eastern border of Jakarta.the city of planet Bekasi is his nickname.It serves as a commuter city within the Jakarta metropolitan area. According to the 2020 Census by Statistics ...
. It plans to open outlets at District 8 Shopping Centre,
South Jakarta South Jakarta ( id, Jakarta Selatan; bew, Jakarte Beludik ), colloquially known as ''Jaksel'', is one of the five administrative cities which form the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia. South Jakarta is not self-governed and does not h ...
and
Mall of Indonesia Mall of Indonesia (also called MOI) is a shopping center located in Kelapa Gading Square, located on West Kelapa Gading street, Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta, Indonesia. The mall is located right in front of Kelapa Gading Square. This mall was buil ...
, North Jakarta (replacing CGV). Many smaller independent cinemas also exist, such as Platinum, New Star, BES Cinema, Surya Yudha Cinema, and Dakota Cinema.


Movie-goers

In the regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia number 34 of 2019 concerning the Circulation, Performance, Export and Import of Films, article 17 explains the need for periodic notification of the number of viewers of a film made at the end of each month through a data collection system for the Number of Viewers in order to carry out functions in the field of development cinema. The data collection is carried out by means of information technology and film data communication, which includes the number of audience gains for each film entered in national cinemas based on show hours and detailed locations, including local films and imported films.


Bibliography

* ''A to Z about Indonesian Film'', Ekky Imanjaya (Bandung: Mizan, 2006). * ''Katalog Film Indonesia 1926-2005'', JB Kristanto (Jakarta: Nalar, 2006).


See also

*
Cinema of the world This is a list of cinema of the world by continent and country. By continent * Cinema of Africa *Cinema of Asia **South Asian cinema **Southeast Asian cinema * Cinema of North America * Cinema of Latin America *Cinema of Europe * Cinema of Oceani ...
*
Festival Film Indonesia The Indonesian Film Festival (Indonesian: Festival Film Indonesia, 'FFI') is an annual awards ceremony organised by the Indonesian Film Board and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology to celebrate cinematic achievements in ...
*
Culture of Indonesia The culture of Indonesia has been shaped by long interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences. Indonesia is centrally-located along ancient trading routes between the Far East, South Asia and the Middle East, ...
*
Media of Indonesia The mass media in Indonesia consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based websites. History Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of Pre ...


References


Works cited

* * * * * * * *


External links


Indonesian films
at the
Internet Movie Database IMDb (an abbreviation of Internet Movie Database) is an online database of information related to films, television series, home videos, video games, and streaming content online – including cast, production crew and personal biographies, ...

Jakarta International Film Festival

21 Cineplex
nbsp;– Indonesian movie-theater chain
Blitz Megaplex
- Indonesian multiplex chain


Streaming Film Indonesia

EngageMedia
- social change film online from Indonesia and the Asia-Pacific
Rumah Film
- Resource of Indonesian Film, in Indonesian Language
filmindonesia.or.id
- Online version of JB Kristanto's film catalogue and article archive on Indonesian Films, in Indonesian Language {{DEFAULTSORT:Indonesia (cinema)